There is ample evidence that marine resources of the Northwest Straits are in serious decline. Bottom fish, forage fish, salmon, sea birds, invertebrates, and some populations of marine mammals have declined precipitously since 1980. The Jefferson County Marine Resources committee is a citizen-based effort to identify regional marine issues, foster community understanding and involvement, recommend positive action, and develop support for various protection and restoration measures.

This annotated bibliography is a product of a 2000 literature review and data search prepared for the Jefferson County Marine Resources on the status of marine resources in Jefferson County. Information was collected from an extensive review of existing literature. This review included existing literature reviews, peer reviewed literature, agency reports, and a search of electronic databases for all documents pertaining to marine resources in Jefferson County with a particular focus on that region of Jefferson County that falls within the boundaries of the Northwest Straits Commission. Those marine waters bounded by the Hood Canal Bridge, San Juan County, Island County, and Clallam County comprise the primary area of focus.

This search included interviews with leading experts and resource managers on specific species and ecosystem components and included, but was not limited to, a search of the following electronic databases: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), UW Fisheries Research Institute Reports, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and the University of Washington library database. The University of Washington Library, UW Fisheries Research Institute Reports, and NTIS electronic databases have unlimited internet access. The ASFA database has limited on-line membership access but is available on compact disk in the University of Washington, Fisheries and Oceanography library. The ASFA database includes literature dating back to 1982 covering science, technology, and management of marine and freshwater environments. It includes 5,000 international sources in the form of primary journals, source documents, books, monographic series, conference proceedings and technical research reports. The University of Washington library catalog has unlimited internet access at http://catalog.lib.washington.edu/search~/. Numerous agency reports and the UW School of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Institute Reports (UW-FRI) database which includes over 500 reports pertaining to research conducted by the Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) personnel from 1973 to the present are also available on the internet. In addition to the above literature and data search, information has been collected through interviews with leading experts and resource managers. Through this process, literature and information pertaining to the status of marine resources in Jefferson County was identified and summarized. In addition to this annotated bibliography, the products of this data search process include a Jefferson County MRC on-line bibliography available at http://mrc.co.jefferson.wa.us, a summary report, and a physical literature collection for the Jefferson County MRC library. The MRC library is available to MRC members and the general public.

Kewords: nearshore//nearshore vegetation//inventory//shorelines//habitat

Abstract: Summary of DNR intertidal habitat survey of 110 miles of shoreline in Whatcom and Skagit Counties in the DNR Nearshore Habitat Program as part of the Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program (PSAMP). Survey identified vegetation type and shoreline characteristics.

10. Berry, Helen, T. F. Mumford, G. C. Schoch, and M. N. Dethier. Mapping Shorelines in Puget Sound III: Management Applications for Inventory and Monitoring. In: Proceedings of Puget Sound Research '98 Conference. March 12-13, 1998. Seattle, WA. Olympia, WA. DNR.

Keywords: nearshore//vegetation//Puget Sound//straits

Abstract: Nearshore habitat degradation and loss are recognized to be major threats to the health of Puget Sound (British Columbia/Washington Marine Science Panel, 1994). Inventory data is needed to characterize the quantity, location, and quality of habitats, and to guide land use planning. Information on trends in habitat health is needed to identify the habitat features and functions that are most at risk, and to relate these changes to the state of the Puget Sound ecosystem. The Nearshore Habitat component of the Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program (PSAMP) has the dual goals of inventorying nearshore habitat and monitoring trends in health. For the purpose of the monitoring program, nearshore habitat includes the physical and biotic components of intertidal and shallow subtidal areas. Monitoring habitat is a challenge due to the size and complexity of the study area, which includes approximately 2,400 miles of shoreline east of Cape Flattery, and encompasses a wide range of habitats, from vertical rocky shores to wide, protected mudflats. Human activities range from intensive, in the highly industrial urban embayments, to relatively minor in the least developed areas.

The Nearshore Habitat Program inventories nearshore vegetation by collecting and classifying multispectral sensor collected data and inventories of shoreline characteristics using field surveys in conjunction with photo interpretation. At current funding levels, sound-wide mapping will be completed within 15-20 years. A PSAMP review in 1995 recommended examining alternative methods to map resources soundwide in less than five years (Shen, 1995). Additionally, it recommended initiating a program to monitor trends in nearshore habitat health. This paper responds to those recommendations. It reviews user needs, how current systems fulfill user needs, and how inventory methods are being changed in response to those needs. It then reviews research results using geophysical mapping and biologic sampling to model for inventory and monitoring called SCALE (Shoreline Classification and Landscape Extrapolation). Nearshore habitat degradation and loss are recognized to be major threats to the health of Puget Sound (British Columbia/Washington Marine Science Panel, 1994). Inventory data is needed to characterize the quantity, location, and quality of habitats, and guide land-use planning. Information on trends in habitat health is needed to identify the habitat features and functions that are most at risk, and to relate these changes to the state of the Puget Sound ecosystem.

11. Bertolotto, Chrys. The citizen shoreline inventory. Puget Sound Research '98. 1998 Mar 13-1998 Mar 14. Seattle, WA. Olympia, WA. PSWQAT.

Keywords: shoreline//Puget Sound//habitat

Abstract: This paper reports on a new inventory program uniting the need to fill information gaps on Puget Sound shoreline habitat conditions and provide education and training opportunities for the community as to the value of shorelines and the anthropogenic impacts to those nearshore habitats. The findings of this inventory is available on internet as a Citizen Shoreline Atlas.

12. Boersma, P. D. and J. K. Parrish. Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution. Special Issue: Ecological Economics and Sustainable Governance of the Oceans.Ecological-Economics. 1999. Vol. 31(no. 2): 287-304.

Keywords: marine protected areas//MPA

Abstract: Designation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing as humans seek to combat over-exploitation of marine resources and preserve the integrity of the ocean's unique biodiversity. At present, there are over 1300 MPAs. The primary legal responsibility for the designation of MPAs falls to individual countries, but protection of the marine environment at large scales is also critical because ocean circulation does not honor legal boundaries and often exceeds the influence of any one nation or group of nations. There are many reasons for establishing MPAs. The papers surveyed principally referred to scientific, economic, cultural, and ethical factors. Two approaches predominated: fisheries management and habitat protection. Although the major threat to terrestrial systems is habitat loss, the major threats to the world's oceans are fisheries overexploitation, coastal development, and chemical and biological pollution. MPAs may provide conservation of formerly exploited species as well as benefits to the fishery through leakage of 'surplus' adults (spillover) and larvae (larval replenishment) across reserve boundaries. Higher order effects, such as changes in species richness or changes in community structure and function, have only been superficially explored. Because many MPAs are along coastlines, within shipping lanes, and near human centers of activity, the chance of chemical and biological pollution is high. Use of MPAs to combat development and pollution is not appropriate, because MPAs do not have functional boundaries. The ocean is a living matrix carrying organisms as well as particles and therefore even relatively environmentally sensitive uses of coastal ecosystems can degrade ecosystem structure and function via increasing service demands (e.g. nutrient and toxics transformation) and visitation. Whether an MPA is effective is a function of the initial objectives.

13. Bradbury, Alex B. Sizemore, D. Rothaus and M. Ulrich. Stock Assessment of Subtidal Geoduck Clams (Panopea abrupta) in Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Fish Program, Fish Management Division, Marine Resources Unit. 2000 Jan. Report Number: FPT00-01

Keywords: Geoduck//clams//invertebrates//shellfish

Abstract: This report presents commercial tract densities and average weights. Biomass estimate calculations are presented and a model for an age-based equilibrium yield to predict long-term consequences of various harvest rates, using estimated geoduck life history parameters. The model predicts yield and spawning biomass per recruit over a range of fishing mortality rates. A strategy is recommended as a risk-averse policy for geoducks.

14. British Columbia/Washington Marine Science Panel. The shared marine waters of British Columbia and Washington. British Columbia/Olympia, WA. 1994.

Keywords: marine birds//fish//salmon//birds//invertebrates//water quality//shellfish//MPA//marine protected areas//Puget Sound//northwest straits//marine mammals//nearshore//human impacts//contaminants//straits

Abstract: Nearshore habitat degradation and loss are recognized to be major threats to the health of Puget Sound (British Columbia/Washington Marine Science Panel, 1994). Inventory data is needed to characterize the quantity, location, and quality of habitats, and to guide land use planning. Information on trends in habitat health are needed to identify the habitat features and functions that are most at risk, and to relate these changes to the state of the Puget Sound ecosystem.

The Nearshore Habitat component of the Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program (PSAMP) is responsible for inventorying nearshore habitat and monitoring trends in health. For the purpose of the monitoring program, nearshore habitat includes the physical and biotic components of intertidal and shallow subtidal areas. Monitoring habitat is a challenge due to the size and complexity of the study area, which includes approximately 2,400 miles of shoreline east of Cape Flattery, and encompasses a wide range of habitats, from vertical rocky shores to wide, protected mudflats. Human activities range from intensive in the highly industrial urban embayments to relatively minor in the least developed areas.

The Nearshore Habitat Program inventories nearshore vegetation through the collection and classification of multispectral sensor collected shoreline data, field surveys, and photo interpretation. At current funding levels, sound-wide mapping will be completed within 15-20 years. A PSAMP review in 1995 recommended examining alternative methods to map resources soundwide in less than five years (Shen, 1995). Additionally, it recommended initiating a program to monitor trends in nearshore habitat health. This paper responds to those recommendations. It reviews user needs, how current systems fulfill user needs, and how inventory methods are being changed in response to such needs. It then reviews the results of research and reviews the feasibility of using a linked geophysical mapping and biologic sampling model for inventory and monitoring methodology known as SCALE (Shoreline Classification and Landscape Extrapolation).

Keywords: contamination//Puget Sound//birds//marine mammals

Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine whether detrimental effects possibly caused by toxic chemicals could be observed in Puget Sound marine mammals and marine birds. The study design was based on examination of a wide variety of indices of population and individual health and comparison of these indices from areas of suspected high contaminant levels (target areas) to those from areas of suspected low contaminant levels (reference areas) and to those reported by other researchers. Recent research conducted in Puget Sound has revealed high levels of contaminants in fish, marine mammals, and marine birds. High contaminant levels in Puget Sound have been correlated to abnormalities and disorders in fish. Researchers have also reported possible linkages between contaminants and disorders in marine mammals and marine birds in other parts of the world. Primary species considered here are harbor seal, Glaucous-winged Gull, Great Blue Heron, and Pigeon Guillemot; these species were chosen because they reside, feed, and breed in some of the most contaminated portions of Puget Sound. Three other mammal species (killer whale, harbor porpoise, and river otter) were chosen as secondary study species either because they seasonally occur in contaminated areas of Puget Sound or they were found through previous research to be experiencing problems that might be pollutant-related. Target areas were chosen that were as close as possible to the heavily contaminated Elliott and Commencement Bays. Reference areas used for different species included sites north of Puget Sound, in the Hood Canal, and in Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay on the Washington outer coast. Several biological parameters were examined to evaluate the evidence for pollutant-related problems. These parameters included population distribution, population trends, measures of reproductive success, mortality, causes of death, incidence of gross and histological pathology, and incidence of physical deformities or disorders seen in the population. To detect a broad range of possible effects, both general population health as well as incidence of individual disorders previously linked to contaminants were examined and measured. Study methods varied by species. Censuses were made from the ground, boats, and from small aircraft and provided population figures for several species. Reproductive rates were determined from censuses and for birds, by observing marked nests. Mortality and the incidence of reproductive disorders were determined from breeding area searches and censuses made during the breeding season. Gross pathology was determined from necropsies of animals found dead and for some species from collected individuals. Samples for histopathology, microbiology, blood parameters, and eggshell thickness were collected from appropriate species and examined by specialists for comparison between locations. Tissues for contaminant analysis were collected and archived, but not analyzed. We found a wide variety of disorders in some marine mammal and marine bird species. Some of these disorders followed patterns consistent with known patterns of contaminant concentrations in Puget Sound. Evidence for possible pollutant-related disorders is summarized. Overall, populations of the study species are doing very well, with the exception of the harbor porpoise and the killer whale; these two populations have declined in the Puget Sound area. For harbor porpoise the decline occurred prior to the 1970s and for killer whales the evidence of a decline is recent. Harbor seal numbers are generally increasing in all our study areas, however, an unusually high incidence of premature births and neonatal mortality was found at some sites. These disorders are similar to those that have been linked to effects of contaminants in pinnipeds from other parts of the world. The high incidence of these disorders seen in Puget Sound seals, however, was found not at sites with suspected high contaminant levels but, rather unexpectedly, at study sites with suspected low contaminant levels. The most likely explanation for these problems is disease agents in these populations compounded by the possibility that these areas are nearing carrying capacity for seal numbers. A significantly higher incidence of disorders and umbilical lesions found in contaminated areas reflects a pattern of impacts associated with contaminant presence. Puget Sound marine bird populations do not appear to be declining or experiencing major reproductive problems. Two of three primary study species (Glaucous-winged Gull and Great Blue Heron), however, did show significant eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 measurements. In addition, Pigeon Guillemots had lower overall eggshell thickness than those reported for pre-1947, but the difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest a possible persistent detrimental effect of the pesticide DDT (and its primary metabolite, DDE) as has been reported for a wide variety of bird species in other areas. We also found evidence of highly variable liver weights in gulls that may have been associated with contaminants. No conclusive statements regarding the association between contaminants and eggshell thinning or liver weights can be made until chemical analyses of archived tissues are conducted. Contaminant analysis of archived samples would greatly augment this study in several ways. This analysis is important in order to: verify assumptions about contaminant exposure of different populations; provide a better comparison with findings in other areas; allow correlation tests between disorders found in specific animals and their contaminant burdens, and describe trends in recent contaminant exposure of marine mammals and marine birds.

Keywords: marine mammals//straits

Abstract: In this report the authors summarize what is known about the status of marine mammals that occur in the transboundary area, examine potential human impacts on marine mammals, and make research recommendations.

Keywords: birds//marine mammals//Puget Sound

Abstract: The objective of the research was to determine whether detrimental effects possibly caused by toxic chemicals could be observed in Puget Sound marine mammals and marine birds. The study design was based on examination of a wide variety of indices of population and individual health and comparison of these indices from areas of suspected high contaminant levels (target areas) to those from areas of suspected low contaminant levels (reference areas) and to those reported by other researchers. Primary species considered here are harbor seal. Glaucous-winged Gull, Great Blue Heron, and Pigeon Guillemot; these species were chosen because they reside, feed, and breed in some of the most contaminated portions of Puget Sound. Three other mammal species (killer whale, harbor porpoise, and river otter) were chosen as secondary study species either because they seasonally occur in contaminated areas of Puget Sound or they were found through previous research to be experiencing problems that might be pollutant-related. (DBO).

Keywords: marine mammals//Puget Sound//contaminants//water quality//seals

Abstract: Dead newborn harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were collected from Smith Island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and from Gertrude Island in southern Puget Sound. A variety of chemical contaminants were measured in different kinds of tissue from seven harbor seal pups from each location. Various tissues were also evaluated microscopically for histopathological abnormalities. Two methods for determining the concentrations of PCBs and DDE in blubber tissues were compared. Concentrations of PCBs, lead and silver were significantly higher in the seals from Gertrude Island than those from Smith Island. However, the concentrations of PCBs in seal pups from both locations have declined significantly since testing began in 1972.

Keywords: geology//coastal erosion/erosion management

Abstract: This report is an executive summary of reports of the Department of Ecology Coastal Erosion Management Studies series. It does not address commercial and industrial land uses. The study area covers Puget Sound from Olympia north to the Canadian border. The report describes Puget Sound geology, shoreline stabilization techniques, the extent of shoreline armoring in Thurston County, management of coastal erosion and shoreline stability, erosion management techniques, and impacts to biological resources and ecological systems along with institutional approaches and policy tools.

Keywords: water quality//Port Townsend

Abstract: Contains results of biomonitoring studies of Port Townsend with a majority of over thirty sampling stations located adjacent to the paper mill discharge pipe. One site south of Protection Island near Diamond Point, two off of downtown Port Townsend, and one mid-basin in Discovery Bay.

Keywords: water quality//salmon//Puget Sound//fish//contaminants

Abstract: Overview of data collected from studies over the period of 1989 to 1993 on the effects of chemical contaminant exposure on juvenile chinook salmon in polluted urban Puget Sound estuaries. The data collected reveals increased exposure of juvenile chinook salmon to toxic chemicals in these estuaries. Juvenile salmon inhabiting contaminated urban estuaries displayed immune system alterations and impaired growth when compared to juveniles from hatcheries or non-urban estuaries. Juveniles from the Duwamish Waterway showed immunosuppression and increased disease susceptibility to Vibrio anguillarum. Studies during this period provide evidence of linkage between juvenile chinook salmon health and elevated contaminant levels in polluted estuaries.

Keywords: MPA//fish//marine birds//marine mammals//salmon//herring//rockfish//cod//nearshore//oil spills//water quality//impacts//shellfish//invertebrates//northwest straits//straits//nearshore

Abstract: A guide providing citizen access to information on the status and health of marine resources in the region of the Northwest Straits. It includes resource maps and information on invertebrates, marine fish, salmon, seals and sea lions, marine birds and marine mammals of the Northwest Straits, and human impacts on habitats in the Northwest Straits.

Abstract: This report presents the results of a sampling expedition of 32 sampling stations in Puget Sound and the San Juan area from southern most sites like Shelton and Mud Bay, central Puget Sound, Port Ludlow, Port Hadlock, Port Townsend, Port Orchard, Seabeck, Brownsville from Steilacoom to Blaine along the mainland, Friday Harbor, Argyle Lagoon, Anacortes, Samish River, Swinomish Cannel, Cornet Bay, Bellingham, and Blaine. This rapid assessment for non-indigenous marine organisms focused primarily on non-quantitative or semi-quantitative sampling of dock fouling organisms growing on floating docks.

Keywords: erosion//shoreline

Abstract: Reports on technically feasible shoreline protection techniques including soft solutions using natural site features and materials, composite systems combining hard and soft solutions, building setbacks and drain field removal. Erosion processes are described including identification of an erosion problem, techniques for erosion control and a site-specific decision model to help landowners and regulators select solutions.

Keywords: fish//bottomfish//rockfish//cod//groundfish

Abstract: This reports on a baseline study to document the distribution, abundance, and biomass of nearshore fishes along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to determine their food habits, and to identify the macroinvertebrates collected incidentally with the fish. A total of 93 species of fish was collected from 1976 to 1978. Trends in occurrence, abundance, and biomass for individual species were fairly consistent between 1976-77 and 1977-78. The predominant nearshore demersal fish species in beach seine collections were the Pacific staghorn sculpin, Eng. sole, and sand sole. The dominant neritic fish species in townet collections were the Pacific herring and longfin smelt. The predominant intertidal fish species were the northern clingfish, tidepool sculpin, and high cockscomb. Species richness generally increased from west to east in beach seines and townet collections while the opposite trend was observed in tidepool collections. Species richness and density was highest in summer and fall and lowest in winter. 53 of 55 common nearshore resident species preyed upon gammarid amphipods. Gammarids composed more than 50% of the total Index of Relative Important for 31 fish species and than 75% for 9 species. Calanoid copepods were the dominant prey of neritic fishes.

Keywords: harvest//fish

Abstract: The authors review techniques for estimating the abundance of migratory populations and develop a new technique based on catch-age data from geographic regions and their earlier technique, catch-age analysis with auxiliary information. Data requirements are catch-age data over several years, some auxiliary information, and migration rates among regions. The model, containing parameters for year-class abundance, age selectivity, full-recruitment, fishing mortality, and catchability, is fitted to data with a nonlinear least squares algorithm. A measurement error model and a process error model are presented and favor the process error model because all model parameters can be jointly estimated. By application to data on Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, the process error model converges readily and produces estimates with no significant bias.

Keywords: shellfish//growing areas//Puget Sound//straits//water quality

Abstract: This report is a Department of Health (DOH) summary of fecal coliform pollution in 45 Puget Sound shellfish areas from January 1998-March 1999. It reports the status, trends and discusses sources. Jefferson County sites include Protection Island, Discovery Bay, Kilisut Harbor, Port Townsend Bay, and Dosewallips State Park. Dosewallips River delta was the only site in Jefferson County showing fecal coliform pollution in one or more stations. Maps of sites are provided.

Abstract: Stresses on marine ecosystems due to changing global climate and the encroachment of human development are manifested in the Pacific Northwest by loss of habitat and the reduction or extinction of many important organisms. Studying the ecological functions of marine habitats and measuring the extent and rate of habitat loss is important to determining the health of Puget Sound. To monitor habitat changes in Puget Sound, there is a need to map shoreline types and inventory the marine biota for: 1) measuring change due to natural or human-caused perturbations; 2) mapping areas with key resources or potential for these, and 3) choosing sites for research and for monitoring programs. Our ability to detect changing the biota of the Sound requires that the information we gather about the biota has a sufficiently fine spatial scale of resolution, and that we take steps to minimize the inherent variability that exists in all ecological data sets. One way to do both is to take into account the geophysical features of the shorelines being mapped or studied as such features strongly affect biotic communities.

Keywords: rockfish//Puget Sound

Abstract: Summary of a study identifying nursery habitats for three demersal Puget Sound rockfish species. Recruitment was concentrated along the northwestern shoreline of central Puget Sound. Young-of-the-year (YOY) rockfish were found to use all three kelp, macroalgae, and eelgrass vegetated habitat types with kelp habitat supporting the highest densities. The vegetated habitats appeared to provide refuge for juveniles making the transition from pelagic to benthic habitats. The findings suggest that vegetated habitats may be necessary for replenishing and maintaining adult populations of copper, quillback, and brown rockfish. Recommendations include using vegetated habitats for juvenile rockfish as a habitat management. The study supports the use of vegetated habitats to be considered in habitat management and mitigation. Most recruitment of YOY rockfish in this study occurred in urbanized shorelines where habitat degradation and alteration were common. Such shoreline changes and habitat degradation may effect natural rockfish production. This study data is now incorporated into Washington Administrative Code (WAC).

Keywords: non-indigenous species//Puget Sound//straits

Abstract: This report was commissioned by the Puget Sound Water Quality Authority through an agreement between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO). Its purpose is to assist the Washington and British Columbia Working Groups on Minimizing the Introduction of Exotic Species in developing recommendations to the British Columbia Washington Environmental Cooperation Council. It assesses the status and management of NIS introductions into the shared marine waters of British Columbia and Washington. Pathways of NIS introduction are evaluated, and the management programs in place to reduce risks from these pathways are described. It is intended that from this report and from the work groups that will consider it, recommendations will emerge that address risk and management of NIS introductions, and needs for further information.

Pathways of NIS introduction to the shared marine waters include aquaculture activities; the aquarium trade; public aquaria; releases of NIS by individuals; commercial, military, and recreational marine vessels; research institutions, and seafood commodity distribution. Risk of NIS introduction from aquaculture is well defined, the industry is highly regulated, and active processes are underway for continuous review of aquaculture activities as they involve NIS. Risk of NIS introduction from aquarium activities and release of NIS by individuals is poorly defined, and only limited information is available to define the risks from research, seafood distribution, and marine recreational vessel activities. The relative risk associated with the large inoculation of marine NIS from ballast water discharges is assessed from shipping industry data and relevant scientific literature. Management of NIS in other selected states and countries is briefly reviewed.

Keywords: MPA//marine protected areas//commercial harvest//harvest//commercial fishery//trawl

Abstract: Bottom trawling is one of the most disruptive and widespread human-induced physical disturbances to seabed communities and has become a global environmental concern. We used a comparative approach to test the hypothesis that persistent otter trawling decreases bottom habitat complexity and biodiversity, increases the abundance of opportunistic species, and benefits prey important in the diet of some commercially valuable fish. We compared two similar and adjacent fishing areas at 180 m off central California in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: one inside the three-mile coastal zone of restricted fishing with light levels of trawling and one beyond the three-mile limit with high levels of trawling. Differences in fishing effort between the two areas were confirmed and quantified by means of data and tow number statistics from Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) Trawl Logbook records. We used still photography, video footage, bottom grab samples, and experimental trawling to compare the physical and biological parameters of the two areas. The area with high levels of trawling had significantly more trawl tracks, exposed sediment, and shell fragments and significantly fewer rocks and mounds and less flocculent material than the lightly trawled area. Most invertebrate epifauna counted were significantly more abundant in the lightly trawled area. Densities of the polychaetes, Chloeia pinnata, as well as that of oligochaetes, ophiuroids, and nematodes were higher every year in the highly trawled area, and there were significantly fewer polychaete species every year in the highly trawled area. Content analysis of fish guts showed that C. pinnata was a dominant prey item for some of the commercially important flatfishes in both lightly and heavily trawled areas. Our study provides evidence that high levels of trawling can decrease bottom habitat complexity and biodiversity and enhance the abundance of opportunistic species and certain prey important in the diet of some commercially important fishes. This work also illustrates how constraints currently imposed on fisheries research by the near universal absence of true unfished control sites severely limit our ability to determine appropriate levels of harvest pressure for maintaining sustainable fisheries and marine biodiversity. Valid research in these areas will require marine reserves in which fishing effort and methods can be manipulated in collaborative studies involving fishers, researchers, and resource agencies.

Keywords: marine birds//salmon//harvest//harvesting impacts

Abstract: Study objective was to determine the nature and extent of marine mammal and marbled murrelet interaction with commercial salmon gill net fishing gear.

Abstract: This paper reports on a shorebird counts at 59 sites in the greater Puget Sound area, Hood Canal and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Kilisut Harbor was the only site in eastern Jefferson County to have over 1,000 shorebirds. The high count at Kilisut was 1646 in 1992-93 counts and 796 in 1993-94. Sites with greater than 1,000 shorebirds are considered important for conservation and monitoring purposes. Sites with less than 5,000 shorebirds were found to support 27% of the winter population in both years of the study. Many disturbance factors threaten shorebirds and their winter environment. Most sites with over 1,000 birds occur in a cluster situated near major shipping channels, oil refineries and industrial centers. This makes such populations highly vulnerable to impacts of environmental pollution and habitat loss.

Abstract: Baseline study of marine mammals of northern Puget Sound and Strait of Juan de Fuca from November 1977 to September 1979. Emphasizing certain aspects of the biology of the harbor seal, which is the most abundant marine mammal in these waters. Additionally, abundance and distribution for 21 species of marine mammals is presented. Spring and summer months are the period when marine mammals in these waters may be most vulnerable to environmental perturbations. Study areas of importance in descending order are: eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca, San Juan Islands, eastern bays, tideflat areas, and western strait of Juan de Fuca. Of the 5 species of pinnipeds present, only the harbor seal occurs throughout the year in significant numbers. The largest numbers of animals hauled out during late summer-early fall

The Calif. and northern sea lion were both present seasonally. Less than 300 sea lions. 15 species of cetaceans included gray whale, minke whale, killer whale, harbor porpoise and Dall's porpose. The river otter is common throughout the year in most parts of the study area.

Keywords: pile driving//juvenile salmon//pink salmon//salmon behavior//salmon distribution//juvenile salmon impacts

Abstract: A pilot study assessed the potential effects of pile driving activities on the behavior and distribution of schools of juvenile pink and chum salmon. Sites studied included the Everett Homeport (near the mouth of the Snohomish River), Elliott Bay Marina (Seattle), and the Kingston and Bremerton Ferry Terminals. School size, frequency of occurrence, species distribution, and general fish behaviors were measured at the sites where pile driving and fish presence coincided. Individual fish were sub-sampled for total length, weight, and stomach contents. On sampling days, tidal stage, weather, salinity, and the underwater acoustic environment were also measured.

Pile driving did not occur at the Kingston site, and juvenile Pacific salmon were not present at the Bremerton site when pile driving was in progress. Therefore the data from these sites do not provide direct information on the imapcts of pile driving on juvenile salmonids. Very few fish were observed at the Elliott Bay site, with or with out pile driving.

The majority of results regarding the impacts of pile driving on juvenile salmonids ecology are from the Everett Homeport site. The following encapsulates the results: 1) within the range of salmonid hearing, the sound field generated by pile driving activities had a radius of at least 600 m; 2) pile driving operations apparently affected the distributions and general behavior of fish schools about the site; 3) nearly twice as many fish schools were found on the construction side of the site on non-pile driving days compared to driving days, and 4) fish schools were typically in water <1.5 m, within 2m from shore, and they were surface oriented. Fish school distances from shore did not change significantly as a result of pile driving. Average total length of fish did not increase significantly over the study period, suggesting fish were either transient and/or not growing. Stomach content analysis indicated that most fish were feeding, and while salinity and tidal stage probably affected the vertical distribution of fish in the water column, it did not appear to alter fish behavior or distribution about the construction site as measured in this study.

Keywords: marine mammals//Puget Sound//northwest straits//straits

Abstract: This report describes stock geographic range, a minimum population estimate, current population trends, current and maximum net productivity rates, optimum sustainable population levels and allowable removal levels, and estimates of annual human-caused mortality and serious injury through interactions with commercial and subsistence fisheries. This information is used to evaluate the progress of each fishery towards achieving its goal of zero mortality and serious injury.

Keywords: Puget Sound/overwater structures/habitat impacts/eelgrass/impact assessment

Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: Impact Assessment. Determine if small single-family residence docks cause a decline in eelgrass densities under and adjacent to piers and assess if the use of gratings mitigate the impacts. METHODS: Empirical: eelgrass density was measured under and adjacent to a selection of seven "single- family" dock sites in Puget Sound from Roche Harbor to South Hood Canal. Baseline measurements and one year of post-project monitoring were also taken for five sites to assess effectiveness of mitigating impacts with grating. OBSERVED DENSITY DECLINES: Six out of the seven sites selected to measure declines without mitigating construction methods demonstrated measurable declines and/or absence of eelgrass growing under the docks. The one site that did not show measurable impact appeared to have a mitigating aspect to its structure as the dock moved up and down and side to side with tidal fluctuations. Four of the five structures evaluated for alternative mitigating construction methods demonstrated eelgrass densities decline when compared to undisturbed reference areas. At the fifth structure site, eelgrass density increased but increased substantially less than it increased in the reference area. COMMENTS: Preliminary results support the hypothesis that shading is the major cause of eelgrass density loss. This is demonstrated by significant reductions in density under docks and diminished reductions under docks with grating used to mitigate shading impacts. Structure length, height over the bottom, design, orientation, and local environmental conditions (i.e. current patterns) may also play a role in the nature and extent of impact.

Keywords: nearshore//fish//Puget Sound//salmonids//salmon//rockfish// cod//lingcod//bottomfish

Abstract: Fishes occurring in the nearshore surface waters of northern Puget Sound, Washington were studied during 1974-1976 using a two-boat surface trawl (townet). Five sites, each representing a different habitat type were sampled in each of three geographic areas. Study objectives were to document the abundance, spatial and temporal distribution of fishes occurring in nearshore surface waters of northern Puget Sound. Nearshore surface waters were utilized as nursery and rearing areas by numerous fish species. While the townet was designed to sample larvae, larval fish were caught abundantly, primarily in spring. Mainly juvenile fish were found throughout the entire year in nearshore habitats. Few large fish were caught, perhaps because of avoidance. Of the 71 fish species captured, the 6 most abundant species comprised 98 percent of the total numerical catch. Twenty species were schooling whereas 51 were demersal; schooling species generally were more frequently occurring and more abundant than non-schooling species. Catches of most species were highly seasonal and indicated a lack of permanent resident species. Young-of-the-year Pacific herring were the dominant fish species occurring in nearshore surface waters. Herring catches were especially large at sites associated with protected eelgrass bays and in areas near known spawning grounds. Maximum catches of herring occurred during the spring and summer whereas minimum catches occurred in the fall and winter. Other abundant species included young-of-the-year Pacific sand lance, juvenile and adult threespine stickleback, larval to adult surf smelt, and larval to adult longfin smelt. While numerically not abundant, juvenile salmonids (mostly chinook salmon) occurred consistently in spring and summer primarily in the Cherry Point and Anacortes areas. The dominant nearshore pelagic species were present throughout the various nearshore habitats of northern Puget Sound with little evidence of distinct assemblages in different habitats. However, even though the dominant species exploit the entire nearshore spectrum of habitats, there were preferred habitats and areas.

Keywords: juvenile fish/Puget Sound/lifie-history strategies

Abstract: This report reviews the early life history information of Puget sound fishes through 1981. Include distribution, reproductive timing and larval identification.

Keywords: seabirds//sea birds//birds//straits

Abstract: This synopsis lists the birds reported to prey on marine fishes off the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and provides an abbreviated account of the prey with respect to their habitat, abundance, life history, commercial importance, and avian predators. In total, 50 avian predators were reported. All preyed on pelagic fishes; 14 preyed on demersal fishes; and 221 preyed on inshore fishes. Twelve species preyed upon all three groups. Seventy-eight different prey were reported -- 62 identified to species, six to genus, nine to family, and one to order. Pacific herring Clupea pallasi attracted the most avian predators (40 species), particularly during inshore spawning and early life history stages. In many cases, predation on inshore and demersal species was during their early life history stages, either as pelagic larvae or juveniles or as recently settled juveniles in shallow water.

Keywords: NPDES permits/polllutants/bioassays/outfall/water quality/sampling procedures

Abstract: A Class II Inspection was documented at the Port Townsend Paper Company pulp and paper mill just south of Port Townsend, Washington between November 15-17 in 1993. Related sediment sampling was conducted December 15. The combined process water and sanitary discharges met all NPDES permit requirements. The sanitary effluent was also well within all permit requirements. All VOA and BNA compounds found were within applicable EPA water quality criteria. No pesticide/PCD compounds were found in the influent or effluent. Five priority pollutant metals were detected in the effluent. Copper was found in an estimated concentration of over four times Ecology water quality criteria. The fathead mminnow chronic test and bivalve larvae test demonstrated sensitivity to the pulp mill effluent. No VOA compounds were detected in the sediment samples. All BNA compounds and metals detected were below Ecology Marine Sediment Quality Standards. No toxicity was found in the Microtox test. Amphipod test results found one sample equal to 25 percent toxicity.

Keywords: shellfish//geoducks//Puget Sound

Abstract: This report describes the methods we used to collect geoducks, age the shells, and estimate growth and recruitment rates. A discussion of the methods is discussed. Most shells used for age and growth determinations were collected from unharvested geoduck beds from 1979-1982. All samples discussed in this report were taken in water depths of between 10 and 20 meters. Many locations throughout Puget Sound were sampled. From 1970 to 1987 samples were taken to estimate recruitment in harvested and unharvested geoduck beds in small plots extensively disturbed by a venturi suction dredge.

54. Healy, M. C. Juvenile Pacific salmon in estuaries: the life support system. In: Kennedy V.S. (ed.). Estuarine Comparisons. New York. Academic Press. 1982.

Abstract: This paper describes the development of an integrated strategy for the establishment of a comprehensive MPA system along the Pacific Coast of Canada. Parks Canada, BC Parks, the Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, the BC Land-Use Coordination Office, Environment Canada and BC Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food have collaboratively developed a draft proposal describing the following: a common vision and definition of MPAs; common goals and objectives for an MPA system; guiding principles for the establishment, and management of MPAs; possible management regimes and designations of MPAs, and a proposed process for the identification, evaluation, establishment and management of MPAs. A series of stakeholder forums have been held in three coastal communities to discuss these proposals with a wide variety of stakeholders. Implementation of the strategy will be linked with coastal area management planning.

Keywords: habitat//critical habitat//Jefferson County//Port Townsend//Tala Point// Kala Point//surf smelt//sand lance//fish//salmon//juvenile salmon//marsh//drift cell//shoreline/nearshore//Chimacum Creek//Port Ludlow//Port Ludlow Bay//eelgrass//intertidal//Ludlow Creek//spawning//juvenile fish//prey resources//Olele Point/bald eagles//Little Goose Creek//Oak Bay//shorelines//fish

Abstract: This report provides locations of critical habitats, including eelgrass beds, salt marshes, stream mouths, and documented spawning beds of sand lance, surf smelt, and herring. and documented salmonid use. Eelgrass beds were mapped with the aid of aerial photos, boat surveys, and beachwalks undertaken during this study. The purpose of the report is to further an understanding of the inter-related nature of these nearshore habitats and species, locational information is discussed in relation to several shoreline segments. Each segment corresponds to drift cells identified by geologist Johannassen.

Keywords: fish//rockfish

Abstract: This report characterizes the benthic habitats and fish assemblages at Stonewall Bank Oregon by describing associations of bottom types, visually dominant invertebrates, and demersal fishes. Rockfish densities were correlated to bottom type, stations, and general behavioral patterns. Fish abundance was also compared between day and night.

Abstract: An artificial reef was constructed on a featureless sand bottom as mitigation for the man-caused loss of rocky-type subtidal habitat in Elliott Bay, Puget Sound, Washington from a shoreline development (fill) project. Using a list of indicator biota developed for this region, it was predicted the mitigation reef would develop a greater number of economically important fish species and greater diversities of sessile and epibenthic biota assemblages than the development site. The design of a 1:2 ratio of reef material: sand bottom accommodated the trophic level relationships normally occurring for fishes feeding from reef structures and surrounding natural habitats. The mitigation reef met the predicted development during the reef's first 8 months of submergence.

Keywords: nearshore habitat//nearshore//lingcod//herring//straits//straits//pollution/sole//rockfish//Puget Sound//water quality//salmon/cod/impact assessments/surf smelt/invertebrates// fish//shellfish//contaminants

Keywords: water quality//Puget Sound//Jefferson County//Port Townsend//habitat

Abstract: During Wateryear 1991 (October 1990 through September 1991), the Washington State Department of Ecology monitored water quality monthly at 28 stations in Puget Sound, four stations in Grays Harbor, and five stations in Willapa Bay. Of the 28 stations in Puget Sound, 23 sites showed dissolved oxygen concentrations below the water quality standards for marine waters one or more times, and 11 exceeded fecal coliform counts of 14 organisms/100 milliliters (mL) one or more times. Nutrient depletion was observed at 20 Puget Sound stations. Of the nine coastal stations, none violated dissolved oxygen standards, and four exceeded fecal coliform counts of 14 organisms/100 mL one or more times. Nutrient depletion was only observed at the Willapa Bay stations. Stations that did not experience nutrient depletion as defined by this report, were well mixed and lacked observable ongoing density stratification. At several Puget Sound stations, chlorophyll a concentrations were inversely proportional to nutrient concentrations, with maximum chlorophyll a concentrations and minimum nutrient concentrations observed simultaneously. Chlorophyll a concentrations were highest during the spring and summer months and lowest during late fall and winter months for Puget Sound stations. The coastal stations exhibited two chlorophyll a peaks, one during mid-summer and again in midfall. To assess the quality of the marine water column data, a detailed quality assurance assessment was conducted on the Wateryear 1991 (WY 1991) results. Ninety-four percent of the nitrite results were below detection limits. Discontinuing dissolved nitrite analysis until lower detection limits can be achieved was recommended. The quality assurance assessment also revealed that the fecal coliform bacteria results did not achieve precision objectives in either the field or laboratory replication. Procedures for future collection and analysis of fecal coliform bacteria should be amended to improve the quality of these data. In general, to improve temporal and spatial coverage for shorter term and episodic water quality events not caught by the monthly sampling component of the program, continued monitoring efforts should include a seasonal monitoring component. Sites showing signs of nutrient depletion and/or conditions that promote biological activity (stratification) should be priority candidates for seasonal monitoring.

Abstract: This report was prepared to support a parallel effort of nearshore habitat mapping and characterization titled Critical Nearshore Habitats, Tala Point to Kala Point, Jefferson County, by Ron Hirschi (1999). Much of the field observations for the two studies were conducted simultaneously by boat or on foot. Similarly, the focus and conclusions of the two studies were reached cooperatively. Therefore, each report should be used in conjunction with the other, as the intent was for each of the two elements to augment each other and provide mapped features representing the conclusions of the multi-disciplinary effort.

Accompanying this report are three original USGS 71/2 minute quadrangles (Port Ludlow, Nordland, Port Townsend, South) that contain mapped critical shoreline areas discussed in the text. Portions of these three maps are reproduced within the report for convenience. Information on geology and coastal processes were compiled from existing published reports and maps as referenced, along with observations made while visiting the entire shore of the study area in the winter of 1998-99 and earlier. The study area for the project ran from Tala Point (east of Port Ludlow Bay) in the south end to Kala Point (in Port Townsend Bay) in the north.

Keywords: salmon/estuaries//Puget Sound//nearshore habitat//life history strategies//prey resources//migration//Endangered Species Act/ESA/ESU//chum//summer chum//Washington//Oregon//California//fish

Abstract: This report reviews the ESA evaluation for chum salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest. It presents species and ESU definitions, listing petitions, and all aspects of chum biology. The biological description includes physical and biological features with life history and ecological information. It examines and presents in-depth descriptions of all life-history stages, regional distributions, hatchery production, practices, and influences, stock abundances, history, and trends.

Keywords: cod//Pacific cod//Port Townsend//Puget Sound//bottomfish// groundfish//fish//Jefferson County

Abstract: Pacific cod migrate into the waters of Port Townsend Bay during the winter. An intense commercial set net and trawl fishery is directed at these Pacific Cod spawning aggregations. Life history parameters estimated during this study were consistent with those expected from a fast growing, early-maturing stock close to the southern limit of its range. Growth analysis of length frequency data and tag returns provided length-at-age estimates of 27.0, 43.5, 55.5 and 64.2 cm at ages of 1,2,3, and 4 years. Population estimates indicated that there were about 14,000 fish in the bay when the fishery began. The population increased rapidly and reached a peak of more than 1,100,000 fish within 10 days of the start of the fishery. Peak abundances were observed for approx. 1 week and then a gradual decline in the population size was observed. Seven weeks after the fishery began, population size was estimated to be 35,000 fish. Between 15-20 percent of the cod present in the bay on a given day emigrated or were caught during the subsequent 24 hours. Between 359,000 and 510,000 fish migrated into the bay during the season and 24 to 34 percent were harvested. The set net gear was more effective in harvesting larger fish, especially females.

Keywords: Port Townsend//Pacific cod//cod//fish//prey resources//substrate// Jefferson County

Abstract: Egg, larval, juvenile, and adult stages of the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) were sampled from the waters of Port Townsend Bay to provide information concerning the life history and fisheries biology of this species. Trawl sampling, carried out in January and February 1977, provided material for the determination of basic statistics, age structure, stomach contents, and fecundity. The trawl-caught fish were found to be fast growing, early maturing, and with short lifespans. Estimated fecundity at length was greater than published values for populations from more northern waters. Preferred food items were shrimp and small fish. Icthyoplankton sampling was carried out on seven occasions from February through June 1977. Gadoid (cod family) larvae were identified from many of the samples but poor documentation of the early life history fo Pacific cod precluded positive identification of these gadoid larvae to species. It was suggested that gadoid larvae observed in late April were probably Pacific cod, based on spawning time and published rates of development. Attempts to rear Pacific cod eggs and larvae were not successful but the experiments did confirm reports that the eggs are demersal. Diving operations failed to encounter spawning adults or eggs. Eggs were not detected from a series of bottom grab samples. Juvenile Pacific cod were identified from trynet samples taken in northern Kilisut Harbor and along the northwest shore if Indian Island in mid-June 1977.

Abstract: This report presents the results of an investigation in the occurrence of severe liver disease and 100% mortality observed in Sea Farm Washington's pen-reared Atlantic salmon in Port Townsend Bay in the summers of 1986 and 1987. A long-term bioassay of Atlantic salmon using mill effluence indicated that the pulp mill was not the likely source of the presumed toxicant. The disease has also occurred at several net-pen sites in BC but does not appear to be associated with chemical contamination. It was suggested that the cause of the disease could be a natural toxin, possibly an algal toxin. This hypothesis requires further testing. Chemical analysis of affected liver and muscle tissues, sediments, effluents, and the water column in separate but coordinated studies did not identify toxicants of likely significance. Such liver disease in at least three salmonid species at several sites in the Pacific Northwest identify the conditions as a significant limiting factor to successful net-pen culture in particular Pacific Northwest locations. Coho net-pen operations in Port Townsend Bay did not appear to be affected, neither were non-salmonid fishes such as surfperch and English sole. Small chinook were also found to be affected.

Keywords: invertebrates//shellfish

Abstract: This report presents an examination of nongame marine invertebrates (NGMI) situation for effective conservation and management. This report overviews NGMI in Washington waters, sources of losses, species status, and conservation guidance. Although the quality of Puget Sound may be improving through agency efforts and a concerned public, individual invertebrate species and communities are disappearing or are threatened over large part so their ranges. Direct sources of loss include: collecting for teaching by schools, collecting for schools by commercial supply companies, collection for research or bioassays by scientists, collecting for public aquarium, harvesting for subsistence by citizens, collecting for bait to catch other species and collecting for souvenirs. Indirect sources of loss include: derelict commercial fishing gear, especially gill and seine nets, sport and commercial harvesting, water and sediment quality pollution, commercial developments with activities such as dredging, pile driving and log rafting, walking and vehicle driving in the intertidal.

Keywords: Marine protected areas

Abstract: Canada does not have a national policy for the management of the coastal environment. Attempts to create and implement a policy have been futile due to the lack of public pressure and political will. Increasing public interest and concern in the marine environment can help motivate the political will. Public requests for increased marine protection has been successful in various states in the US and has become an effective tool in BC. The establishment of Whtyecliff Park in West Vancouver as a No-Take marine protected area was the direct result of a community initiative combined with academic and legal advisers. The establishment of No-Take MPAs play a crucial role in developing a coastal management policy. Establishing a network of public initiatives will increase public awareness of the ocean as well as motivate the government to take action towards creating a national Coastal Zone Management Policy.

Abstract: Using SCUBA techniques, artificial reef colonization by algae, invertebrates, and fishes is documented. Habitat comparisons are made between different reef types. Diel and seasonal abundances are discussed. Lingcod nesting was observed. The topic of deployment and management of artificial reefs is discussed.

Abstract: The objective of this report is to provide an evaluation of current marine forage fish stock status in Washington. The significance of forage fish in the diet of many important marine fish is discussed. This report provides Puget Sound stock status profiles, stock status summaries for 1994 and 1996, a cumulative herring spawner biomass graph for 1977-96, annual natural mortality, and herring fisheries landing information followed by a synopsis for coastal herring.

Abstract: Reports assessments in South Puget Sound, Northern Hood Canal, Strait of Georgia and Port Susan. Northern Hood Canal includes the area between Hood Head and Port Gamble. Area covered was not as far north as Port Townsend.

Keywords: water quality//sediment//contaminants//monitoring//Puget Sound

Abstract: Reports results from baseline sediment monitoring of conditions and trends throughout Puget Sound for the period 1989-1995. Data was collected annually at eighty-six stations throughout Puget Sound, Hood Canal, Strait of Georgia, and Strait of Juan de Fuca. Stations included Port Townsend Bay, southwest shore of Indian Island, and Discovery Bay. Target chemicals included antimony, arsenic, cadmuim, lead, selenium, silver, thallium beryllium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, mercury, aluminum, barium, calcium, cobalt, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and vanadium. These include aromatic and chlorinated aromatic compounds, ketons, ethers, esters and carbon disqulfide and semivolatile organics, phenols chlorinated and nitro-substituted phenols, resin acids and low molecular weight polycyclic and chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons were amongst the contaminants identified and measured. Port Townsend was listed as one of ten stations having contaminated concentrations above state standards in any one year, which in the case of Port Townsend was 1989 only. Port Townsend also showed the presence of arsenic and nickel. Nickel was present in all years except 1995. Discovery Bay showed arsenic in 1994 only. These are the levels at which adverse biological effects are expected to occur. This was due to a high concentration of the resin bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and dehydroabietic acid.

Keywords: sediments//Puget Sound//invertebrates//Jefferson County//Hood Canal//benthos

Abstract: Reports baseline data on contaminated and uncontaminated stations and evaluates condition of benthic macro-invertebrates in relation to toxic chemicals in sediments throughout Puget Sound, Hood Canal, and the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca between 1989-1993. Stations included Port Townsend Bay, southwest shore of Indian Island, and Discovery Bay. Multivariate analysis techniques shoed that infaunal assemblages in Puget Sound are primarily related to sediment composition and water depth, and secondarily to geographical location. This study represents the first system-wide effort to characterize benthic assemblages in the Puget Sound region.

Abstract: As a component of a three-year cooperative effort of the Washington State Department of Ecology and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, sediments from 100 locations in northern Puget Sound were tested to determine their relative quality. The purpose of this survey was to determine the quality of sediments in terms of the severity, spatial patterns, and spatial extent of chemical contamination, toxicity, and alterations to benthic infauna. The survey area encompassed the region from Port Gardner Bay north to the US/Canada border, excluding the San Juan Islands. Surficial sediments were tested and analyzed from each of the 100 locations. Data from the chemical analyses indicated that toxicologically significant contamination was restricted in scope to a relatively small portion of the region. The spatial extent of relatively severe contamination varied considerably among chemicals. However, less than 2% of the area was considered "contaminated" for most substances. Sediments from several sampling locations within Everett Harbor often had the highest chemical concentrations. In addition, samples from some stations in Bellingham Bay and other locations scattered throughout the study area had elevated concentrations of some substances. Data from four kinds of toxicity tests indicated a similar pattern: the degree of toxicity was highest in samples from Everett Harbor followed by those from other locations scattered within the survey region. The spatial extent of significant toxicity ranged from 0% to 5% among the toxicity tests. Wide ranges in several numerical indices of benthic infaunal structure indicated good correspondence with tests of toxicity and the concentrations of numerous chemical substances. That is, there was evidence of altered benthic populations in some areas nearest urban centers. Chemical contamination and toxicity of sediments were less severe in northern Puget Sound than in many other estuarine areas studied in the U.S. by NOAA. Results from similar analyses of samples from the central Puget Sound (sampled in 1998) and southern Puget Sound (sampled in 1999) will be compiled with the data from northern Puget Sound, to provide a broad-scale evaluation and quantification of the spatial scales and patterns in sediment quality throughout the entire region.

SUBJECT WATERBODIES: Strait Of Georgia, Drayton Harbor, Bellingham Bay, Padilla Bay, Fidalgo Bay,Guemes Channel, Saratoga Passage, Penn Cove, Steamboat Slough, Port Gardner, Inner Everett Harbor, Ebey Slough, Skagit Bay, Similk Bay, Port Susan, Possession Sound, Strait Of Georgia, Drayton Harbor, Bellingham Bay, Padilla Bay, Fidalgo Bay, Guemes Channel, Saratoga Passage, Penn Cove, Steamboat Slough, Port Gardner, Inner Everett Harbor, Ebey Slough, Skagit Bay, Similk Bay, Port Susan, Possession Sound

74. Long, Edward R. A Synthesis of Biological Data from the Strait of Juan De Fuca and Northern Puget Sound. Seattle, WA.NOAA-Office of Marine Pollution Assessment.1983 Feb.D6-E693-EN and EHE625-A.

Keywords: biota//Strait of Juan De Fuca//Puget Sound/food web//migration//reproduction//natural stresses//habitats//communities//trophic interactions//species richness//fish//invertebrates//shellfish

Abstract: Summarizes the biological data collected during a five-year research project including information on marine fishes, food webs, migration, reproductive processes, natural stresses, major habitat types and their associated biological communities, trophic interactions, organism densities, biomass and species richness.

Keywords: MPA//marine protected area

Abstract: This is a multidisciplinary working group organized through NCEAS working to make a significant contribution to our current understanding of marine reserves. This group is working towards the development of a theoretical basis for the design and establishment of marine reserves. Although there has been an increase in the number of marine reserves designated to manage marine resources, they do not believe that a concomitant increase in the understanding of marine reserve theory has occurred. As a result, reserve designs have often relied heavily on theory formulated for terrestrial ecosystems or on no theory at all. Recent research on open ecosystems suggests that marine reserves designed using these principles are likely to be ineffective at protecting marine communities over the long term. This fact, along with constantly increasing human pressure on marine ecosystems, indicates that a theory of reserve design specific to marine ecosystems is urgently needed.

Keywords: Puget Sound//Georgia Basin//nearshore habitat//habitat loss//habitat management/restoration//inventory/non-indigenous species//marsh

Abstract: This report represents the findings of the British/Columbia Washington Marine Science Panel Work Group. It provides an overview of the status of nearshore habitats, describes how they are managed in Washington State and makes recommendations for solving the problem. The report focuses entirely on nearshore habitat and is intended as a tool for resource managers. It defines nearshore habitat, reasons for loss of nearshore habitat, and discusses the protection of nearshore habitat. It provides background summaries along with the 79 recommendations for nearshore habitat protection and management put forth by the work group.

Keywords: erosion control//erosion//coastal bluffs//policy alternatives//shoreline armoring//engineering techniques//management//Puget Sound//vegetation management//seawalls//bluffs//setbacks//groundwater//shorelines

Abstract: This report provides a regional overview of shoreline slopes, geology and modifications; types and causes of slope failure and management options for managing shoreline slopes including establishment of construction setbacks, blufftop construction requirements, management of existing vegetation, surface runoff control, groundwater drainage systems and biotechnical slope protection.

Keywords: erosion control//erosion//coastal bluffs//beach impacts//shoreline erosion//sediment//seawalls//drift cells//net shore drift//wave refraction//wave diffraction bulkheads//longshore transport//Puget Sound//wave energy//intertidal//accretion beaches//shorelines

Abstract: This report summarizes the present understanding of shoreline physical process in Puget